- Full name: Italian Republic
- Population: 60.1 million (UN, 2010)
- Capital: Rome
- Area: 301,338 sq km (116,346 sq miles)
- Major language: Italian
- Major religion: Christianity
- Life expectancy: 79 years (men), 85 years (women) (UN)
- Monetary unit: 1 euro = 100 cents
- Main exports: Machinery and transport equipment, chemicals, clothes, wine
- GNI per capita: US $35,080 (World Bank, 2009)
- Internet domain: .it
- International dialling code: +39
Leaders
President: Giorgio Napolitano
Giorgio Napolitano, veteran politician, was sworn in as Italy's 11th post-war president in May 2006.
 Giorgio Napolitano |
The former member of the Italian Communist Party was among the leading architects of the party's transformation into a social-democratic movement.
The Italian president heads the armed forces and has powers to veto legislation, disband parliament and call elections.
He played a key role in a fierce right-to-die debate in 2009 by refusing to sign an emergency government decree ordering doctors to resume feeding a woman who had been in a coma for 17 years.
Prime minister: Silvio Berlusconi
Silvio Berlusconi began his third term as prime minister of Italy in May 2008, heading a centre-right coalition including his own Forza Italia party.
The dominant figure on the right since 1994, when he first moved directly into politics, Mr Berlusconi built a business empire out of construction and media interests in his native Milan.
 |  Three-times premier Silvio Berlusconi  |
He is one of Italy's wealthiest men, and owns three of the country's seven television channels and several leading newspapers. He also has interests in banking and insurance, and owns the AC Milan football team.
Mr Berlusconi launched his political career during the corruption inquiries of 1994, which paralysed the established parties.
His brand of populism and can-do image, heavily promoted through his media empire, made his new Forza Italia ("Let's go, Italy!") party the largest in the new parliament, and he headed a fractious right-wing coalition that fell after a few months.
He used the period in opposition to reorganise Forza Italia along more traditional party lines, and won the 2001 elections at the head of a broader centre-right coalition with a commitment to simplify the tax system and halve unemployment.
The government was not able to meet its economic targets, and narrowly lost power in 2006.
His business contacts and media role have led to accusations of conflict of interest, especially over legislation seen as protecting his commercial interests. Mr Berlusconi has been put on trial at least six times over financial matters. Although found guilty on three occasions, he was later acquitted or benefited from the expiry of the statute of limitations.
His legal troubles took a surprise turn in October 2009 when the constitutional court overturned a law granting him immunity while in office. The ruling meant he could face trial in at least two court cases, including one accusing him of corruption. The law was pushed through by Berlusconi's coalition in 2008 when he faced separate trials in Milan for corruption and tax fraud tied to his Mediaset broadcasting empire.
The proceedings against Mr Berlusconi, who denies all charges, were suspended as a result of the law, drawing accusations that it was tailor-made for him.
The financial crisis of 2008 led to a boost in Mr Berlusconi's popularity ratings. He took steps to inject money into troubled banks and high-profile businesses and his ability to rule by decree when necessary seems to have reassured at least some voters.
In 2009, Mr Berlusconi came under pressure from the centre-left opposition over a series of allegations about his sex life, including allegedly spending a night with an escort and the publication of pictures of topless women at his residence.
His coalition lost its majority in the lower house of parliament in August 2010, when more than 30 deputies led by his long-time ally, Gianfranco Fini broke away from his Party of Freedom. Mr Fini had repeatedly voiced concern about the rule of law in Italy.
Between August and December, Mr Berlusconi survived four no-confidence votes brought as concerns mounted over scandals in his personal life and the corruption allegations against him.
He could in theory continue in office until parliamentary elections are due in 2013, but maintains only a tiny majority in parliament and so his ability to implement any kind of legislative programme is severely restricted.
Media
Italy's heady blend of politics and media has made headlines at home and abroad, with watchdogs and some politicians pointing to Prime Minister Berlusconi's influence over public and private broadcasting.
|  The Berlusconi family has a major stake in TV giant Mediaset |
The public broadcaster, Rai, has traditionally been subject to political influence, and Mr Berlusconi's Mediaset empire operates Italy's top private TV stations.
Between them, Rai and Mediaset effectively control Italy's TV market and are a potentially powerful political tool.
News Corp-owned Sky Italia has a near-monopoly of the pay-TV sector.
The Italian press is highly-regionalised. Milan in particular is home to many dailies and news magazines. Most newspapers are privately-owned, often linked to a political party or run by a large media group.
Around 2,500 commercial radio stations broadcast in Italy. Some have national coverage; most are music-based. They share the airwaves with public broadcaster Rai's networks.
Reporters Without Borders has warned of the "grip of mafia gangs" on the media, which it says forces many journalists to tread warily. Meanwhile, there has been stiff resistance to government plans to restrict reporting based on material gained from police wiretaps.
By August 2009 there were 30 million internet users (Internetworldstats).
The press
- Corriere della Sera - Milan-based, major daily
- La Repubblica - Rome-based daily, owned by L'Espresso group
- Il Messaggero - Rome-based daily
- La Stampa - Turin-based daily, owned by Fiat group
- Il Sole 24 Ore - Milan-based financial daily
Television
- Rai - public, stations include Rai Uno, Rai Due, Rai Tre, rolling news channel Rai News 24 and cable/satellite services
- Mediaset - main private TV broadcaster, operates Italia 1, Rete 4 and Canale 5
Radio
- Rai - public, stations include flagship national network Radio 1, entertainment-based Radio 2, cultural station Radio 3 and parliamentary station GR Parlamento
- Radio 24 - commercial network, news and business
- R101 - commercial network, pop music
- Radio Italia - commercial network, Italian pop music
News agency
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